Article Summary: Emerging Giants

Article Summary: Emerging Giants Many local companies lost their market shares or sold off their businesses when global or multinational companies from developed markets such as US, Germany, and Japan got into the emerging markets. However, some local companies held out against and exorcised multinationals.In this article, the authors instantiate this kind of local companies by explaining that Mahindra & Mahindra in India and Haier Group in China have barraged out their own rivals, reset their business strategies, taken advantages of new opportunities, and gained high competencies that enable themselves to do their businesses in global markets very successfully.Also, the authors describe the three strategies these companies employ to make themselves strong, global competitors in spite of facing several difficulties such as financial problems or bureaucratic disadvantages in their home countries, referring the results of their study of emerging giants. First of all, some emerging-mark et companies use their own knowledge of local product markets, resulting in good understandings of local customers’ needs and tastes.This strategy helps these local companies to capture distinctive national advantages. For example, Jollibee Foods in Philippine has profitably succeeded in their businesses against McDonald’s because they know local customers tend to prefer a particular soy and garlic taste that their products have. Secondly, some companies in emerging markets have exploited their knowledge of local talent and capital markets, thus giving services to their customers at home countries and overseas cost-effectively.For instance, Infosys or Wipro in India knew the possibility of providing services to customers abroad very cheaply compared to Western companies did because they had knowledge about where the talents resided and that they can hired technical workers at salaries lower than those in developed markets. Finally, some emerging giants have taken advan tages of institutional voids to create businesses.Old Mutual in South Africa, for example, noticed that South Africa did not have mutual fund and long-term investment product, enabling itself becoming a large financial firm. After I read this article, the company that I came in my mind is Geely Automobile (Geely) in China. Geely actually started their business as a manufacture of refrigerator. The CEO and founder at Geely, Li Shu Fu knew that to achieve the success in China, it was necessary to reduce the cost of anufacturing drastically, enabling local customers to buy their products in China, because when he started his business, in China disposal income among ordinary people was much lower than that in different countries. Therefore, he began to assemble many components from junk dealers because recycled or junk parts were basically cheaper than new components, thus resulting in cost reduction. Then, he stared to produce small motorbikes because at that time, in the end of 1994, it was not still common to buy automobiles in China.That is why at first he decided to focus on manufacturing motorbikes instead of automobiles. After that, finally, they made a beginning of car manufacturing in cost-effectively manner by hiring local workers who knew how to design their products and to manipulate industrial machines. Additionally, he has built networks with local universities and more surprisingly he actually founded several universities to produce competitive but cheap labors. I believe this company is a remarkable and interesting example of emerging giants.

Marketing Plan For An Exclusive Market Essay - 1317 Words

A marketing plan is not a list of marketing ideas from which you haphazardly choose various concepts to test or combine for trial-and-error experimentation. A plan is an essential business tool for hospitals, medical groups or provider practices to attract patients and consumers. Marketing in health care has shifted directly to consumers and patients. As discussed by Thomas, R. K. (2015), marketing uses a mix to of variables to influence users of an exclusive market. Marketing health care services are about how you position the organization to satisfy the needs of the market. Four critical elements of marketing that businesses should take into consideration when implementing any strategic plan for healthcare services are: Product. The right product to satisfy the needs of your target customer. Price. The right product offered at the right price. Place. The right product at the right price available in the right place to be bought by customers. Promotion. Informing potential customers of the availability of the product, its price and its place Introduction There has been a shift in paradigm from the four Ps of traditional marketing, initially defined by Philip Kotler in 1960, to the Five I’s: Intangibility, Inconsistency, Inseparability, Inventory and Interaction in the service industry that healthcare marketing should take into consideration. This discipline of 1to 1 marketing has created a focus on the patient and the customer. Promotions in the service industry can beShow MoreRelatedPyramid Door Formal Case Final Draft1383 Words   |  6 PagesStates of 350 distributors broken up into 300 non-exclusive dealers and 50 exclusive dealers. This strategy has allowed Pyramid Door to capture a market share of 2.6% with total sales in 2005 of $9.2 million. While executives agree that a growth in sales of 36% to $12.5 million is necessary to achieve critical mass to preserve its buying position with suppliers, opinions are split on the correct method to achieve this goal. An increase in the marketing budget of 20% over 2005’s budget has already beenRead MorePalladium Doors, Inc910 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach used by Palladium Door was appropriate for the expended sales goal. Richard Hawley is the director of sales and marketing felt that their concerns had merit and should be given careful consideration. Though he had considerable latitude in devising the distribution strategy, the final choice would have o be consistent with achieving the 2004 sales goal. 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This shows that there is growthRead MoreApple - Describe the Key Strategic Challenges Facing Apple Computer1245 Words   |  5 Pagesare also faced with having to maintain its marketing, relationship building and brand management techniques as they spread into a much wider market, gaining a much larger customer base that includes a lot of more diverse customer. 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The first stage of expanding its distribution is research into which markets would be profitable for Loctite. Once a potential market has been identified, distributor selection begins. Selection is very stringent, and Loctite hand-selects a distributor that it feels it will work well with. Often the selectionRead MoreOmnitel Case Study1543 Words   |  7 Pages(Italy’s second mobile phone service provider) is faced with an opportunity to introduce a new market driven strategy. One problem it faces is in differentiating itself from Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM), a state owned and operated provider who until Omnitel’s entrance into the market had a monopoly over the Italian telecommunicati ons market. The second issue is implementing a pricing strategy and plans that TIM will not view as price cuts, ultimately setting off a price war. 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Its furniture’s offerings focus on trad itional and old Bangladeshi look furniture products and show pieces that are exclusive in craftsmanship materials. Its market segments include the people who are highly elegant, have good interiorRead MorePalladium Garage Door Case Study770 Words   |  4 PagesPalladiums growth has been steady over the past 10 years the market share was only at 2.6%. The firms senior executives were firmly believed they justified this lofty sales goal because they had to attain a larger sales volume to preserve its buying position with suppliers. Palladium, during its growth, has exceeded the industry growth. There are three new plans on how to reach the goal. There are four different viewpoints on the marketing decision. Statements of Alternatives: The first viewpoint

8 Movies for Teachers to Watch for Inspiration or Fun

Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - 1105 Words

Causes such as poverty, Soviet power, and change of Hungarian life ultimately led to the primary uprising known as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. This event not only portrayed the initial precursor of instability, but also rebellion inside the Soviet Iron Curtain. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 included effects such as a massive decrease in the global Communist party, an increase of the policy Containment in the Western Hemisphere, and polarization of the Cold War. In the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, The U.S.S.R. principle of peaceful negotiation greatly faltered due to the Soviet practice of intervention and immense destruction of the Hungarian people. Hungary is in Central Europe, Northwest of Romania. It was â€Å"a part of the†¦show more content†¦George Zhukov stated that We should withdraw troops from Budapest, and if necessary withdraw from Hungary as a whole. This is a lesson for us in the military-political sphere (Stambrook et al). They accepted a Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States. This document proclaimed: The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian Peoples Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary† (Stambrook et al). Zhukov’s principle did not match with his practice. Although the declaration was set to begin peaceful relations with Hungary, Zhukov could not risk losing a stronghold in the Soviet Iron Curtain. He ordered Soviet forces to invade Budapest in order to not lose grip upon the Iron Curtain. He knew the consequences would be vast if word of revolution had broken out, against Soviet reign. Zhukov did not want to lose Hungary as a sphere of influence. The opposing side may say that Soviet forces only entered due to Hungarian Working Peoples Party Secretary ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ called for Soviet military involvement with the purpose of â€Å"suppress[ing] a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale† ( Svoboda 3). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Hungarian Revolution Of 1956988 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 not only marked the start of Hungarian independence but the downfall of communism. Beginning in 1956, it was an example of how people reacted during times of oppression and it was a very serious crisis in the relationship between the super powers. The Uprising was short and sharp, lasting less than three weeks, however, the defeat of the Revolution was one of the darkest moments in the Cold War. What was Hungary like prior to the 1956 revolution? The peopleRead MoreA Mass Of Thousands Of People Walk Into The Capital City Of Budapest1745 Words   |  7 Pagesof Budapest. It is October 23, 1956, a day that would forever be remembered by Hungarians as the day the Revolution began. This protest quickly turned into a major rebellion against the Soviets and their policies. Although the Revolution ended in failure, however, it left a mark on the Soviets, who would eventually lose control nearing the end of the Cold War. Then, over 30 years after the Revolution, on October 23, 1989, Hungary was declared as the Third Hungarian Republic. In Hungary today, OctoberRead MorePost World War II: Hungarian ´s Goal to Achieve Freedom from the Communists890 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the Communist Party for having liberal policies. In February of 1956, the newly chosen Russian leader Khruschev began the process of renewing Communist principles. Unfortunately, this radical style of ruling ended in over 300,000 Hungarians being exiled, imprisoned or killed. Khruschev began to win back support by taking Rakosi out of office, claiming that he was mentally unbalanced in a peaceful gesture towards the Hungarians. No more was done to change the still occurring oppressive behaviorRead MoreLeadership in the Uprising: Comparison of Different Uprising1477 Words   |  6 PagesSoviet Rule. The Hungarian Revolution and the Prague Spring were uprisings against the Soviet Union that both ended in defeat with Soviet Union. However, the outcomes for both countries differed in many ways because of the differences in the motives for the uprising, the loss of life and the differences in the leadership of the uprisings. One difference between the Hungarians and the Czechs was the effects of nationalism on the uprisings. 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Revolutions begat, molded and then finally brought an end to the Cold War. In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution forced Vladimir Lenin, the new communist leader, to withdraw from World War I on the side of the Western Allies and to sign a separate peace agreement with Germany. The suspicions that this aroused among the Allies were the seeds of the Cold War. In 1949, the New Democratic Revolution of China ended the Kuomintang (KMT) rule and establishedRead More The Bonds of the Soviet People1862 Words   |  8 Pagesregime was Hungary. In 1944, Hungary was â€Å"liberated† by the Soviet army, and a new Hungarian government was installed too. The Communist Party soon began to penetrate the government, taking control of Hungary’s secret police, the Allamvedelmi Osztaly. The AVO was feared and hated by the Hungarian wo rking class because of their record of torture and murder and because of the privileged position they held in Hungarian society, receiving between three to twelve times the average workers’ pay. Hungary

Great Shah Abbas And His Buildings In Isfahan Essay Example For Students

Great Shah Abbas And His Buildings In Isfahan Essay The Great Shah Abbas and His Buildings in IsfahanThe Great Shah Abbas I reigned from 1588-1629. He was a ruler who relocated the capital from Saljuq to Isfahan, in the center of the country. This was his attempt to centralize political and religious authority, develop capital, and institute Safavid Iran as a world power, both economically and politically. Shah Abbas began his renovations with the transformation of the little Timurid palace into the Ali Qapu, or ‘sublime port’ an entrance to the royal gardens. Abbas made it his headquarters while his architects began the creation, under his direction and often under his personal supervision, of his new capital. Abbas built the Ali Qapu with a balcony from which he was able to observe the activities in the court below him. The columned porch provided an elevated reviewing stand for royalty and guests. The interior is decorated with hanging plaster vaults that are decorated like Chinese porcelains, similar to Persian luster ware. The rooms are decorated in red, white, blue and gold, the walls painted with landscapes and Hunting scenes, the floors covered with carpets of silk and gold. There are figure paintings on the walls of the upper rooms that are blandly erotic. In front of the Ali Qapu there is a rectangular shaped pool filled with water. The water was transported to the pool by means of hydraulic machines worked by oxen. The upper level contained a music room at the very top of the building. The Music room was intricately decorated with small niches that were filled with glass, pottery, enameled metal and semi-precious stones, this may have been an attempt to improve the acoustics of the room. The threshold of the main gateway was regarded with high respect during Safavid times. No one was allowed to walk over the threshold, and even the Shah dismounted to pass through, some even kissed the gate as they passed through. The garden precinct behind the Ali Qapu was dotted with small palaces and pav ilions. Shah Abbas also designed the Chahar Bagh, or ‘four gardens’ a long avenue which approached his grand capital. The Chahar Bagh passes over the Bridge of Thirty-three Arches, or Si-o Se Pol, a beautiful site that Shah Abbas particularly admired. Beside the Chahar Bagh, open archways led to further gardens and pavilions. There were the gardens of the Throne, the Nightingale, the Vineyard, The Mulberries, the Dervishes and so on. Some of these pavilions were coffee-houses, the area was always bustling with activity. In 1603, Abbas began the building of the Shaykh Lutfallah Mosque. The magnificent tile-work and Yazd marble steps of the entrance portal, and the restrained beauty of the dome attracted the interest of many. The interior of the Mosque is very balanced. The impact of the vast glowing room, heightened after passing from the glaring sunlight through a long gloomy passageway, is overwhelming. Outwardly the dome, both in form and color is peculiar. The form is broad and the color is not a flashy blue, but an unglazed beige. The arabesques are glazed white, turquoise and deep blue. Very skillful use has been made to contrast the glazed and unglazed tiles, which gives a glitter effect when the sunlight strikes its surface. The largest, most spectacular monument of Shah Abbas’sReign is the construction of the Royal Mosque, or Shah Mosque. The Mosque follows the typical Iranian plan- a central courtyard with an iwan, or vaulted hall open at one end, in the middle of each of its four si des a dome over the mihrab at the end of the qibla iwan. Abbas began work on this Mosque in 1613 after he had been ruling for 25 years already. Abbas worked his architects hard, and some of the construction was ill-prepared. The tiling of some sections of the Mosque was completed using cheaper, quicker techniques. The haft-rangi or seven color tile was used to quickly serve the purpose of covering a wall with color; but it lacked the brilliance of the more laborious Mosaic. The interior of the Sanctuary contains a dome that is decorated by a sensational medallion that resembles medallions found in carpets of north-western Iran. The two oratories alongside the Sanctuary contain the same motif in the domed vaults. There are two courts each with their own pool. The Mosque is beautifully decorated with a wide range of colors. The entrance portal is covered with a mosaic of many colored pieces cut from larger pieces and fitted together to form complex patterns. It has been estimated that 18 million bricks and half a million tiles were used in the building of the Shah Mosque. These were the principal buildings of Shah Abbas’s reign. In the short span of his reign, Isfahan had been transformed into a great metropolis of its time. Abbas was successful in his attempt to create a city that could compare to the great cities of Christendom, and the beauty of Isfahan and the buildings he constructed will be studied and admired forever. BibliographyBlunt, Wilfrid. Isfahan, Pearl of Persia. (New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1966.) 208 pgs. .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .postImageUrl , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:hover , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:visited , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:active { border:0!important; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:active , .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873 .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb1fac81dabf09b3ed7724a1bd2dd873:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aids And Hiv EssayBloom, Jonathan and Sheila Blair. Islamic Arts. (London: Phaidon Press, 1997.) 446 Pgs. BibliographyBibliographyBlunt, Wilfrid. Isfahan, Pearl of Persia. (New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1966.) 208 pgs. Bloom, Jonathan and Sheila Blair. Islamic Arts. (London: Phaidon Press, 1997.) 446 Pgs. Arts Essays

The Twenties Essay Example For Students

The Twenties Essay Area One-Politics and Government-The Harding Scandals and the Bonus Bill vetoThe presidency of Harding was filled with continuous scandal. Many compare the Harding to Grant has both being postwar presidents marked by scandals and corruption. Having appointed several excellent officials, Harding also appointed a number of incompetent and dishonest men to fill important positions, including the Secretary of Interior, Albert B. Fall and Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty. The Secretary of Interior, Albert B. Fall, in 1921, secured the transfer of several naval oil reserves to his jurisdiction. In 1922, Fall secretly leased reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming to Harry F. Sinclair of Monmouth Oil and at Elk Hills in California to Edward Doheny of Pan-American Petroleum. A Senate investigation later revealed that Sinclair had given Fall $305,000 in cash and bonds and a herd of cattle, while Doheny had given him a $100,000 unsecured loans. Sinclair and Doheny were acquitted in 1927 of charges of defrauding the government, but in 1929 Fall was convicted, fined, and imprisoned for bribery. We will write a custom essay on The Twenties specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another scandal involved Charles R. Forbes, appointed by Harding to head the new Veterans Bureau. He seemed energetic and efficient in operating the new hospitals and services for veterans. It was later estimated that he had stolen or squandered about $250 million in Bureau funds. Scandal also tainted Attorney General Daugherty who, through his intimate friend Jessie Smith, took bribes from bootleggers, income tax evaders, and others in return for protection from prosecution. When the scandal became to come to light, Smith committed suicide in Daughertys Washington apartment in May 1923. There was also evidence that Daugherty received money for using his influence in returning the American Metal Company, seized by the government during the war, to its German owners. Area Two-Economics-Prosperity and InnovationThough overall the economy was strong between 1922 and 1929, certain segments of the economy, especially agriculture, did not share in the nations general prosperity. Improved industrial efficiency, which resulted in lower prices for goods, was primarily responsible. Manufacturing output increased about 65%, and productivity, or output per hour increased by about 45%. The numbers of industrial workers actually decreased from 9 million to 8.8 million during the decade. The increased productivity resulted from improved machinery, which in turn came about for several reasons. Industry changed from steam to electric power, allowing the design of more intricate machines and replaced the work of human hands. By 1929, 70% of industrial power came from electricity. The moving assembly line was widely adopted by companies, along with scientific management. Larger firms, for the first time, began to fund major research and development activities to f ind new and improved products, reduce production costs, and the utilization of by-products. The demand for power for industrial machinery as well as for business and some lighting increased dramatically, and a host of electrical appliances such as stoves, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, toasters, and radios became available. About two-thirds of American homes had electricity by 1929, leaving only those in rural areas without it. Homes and business construction also experienced a boom from 1922 until 1928. Other large industries, which grew rapidly, were chemicals and printing. The movie industry expanded rapidly, especially after the introduction of sound films, and employed about 325,000 people by 1930. New industries that began in the period were radio and commercial aviation. Area Three-Cultural Clashes-KKK/GarveyismThe most extreme expression of nativism in the 1920s was the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan. Unlike the original Klan of the 1860s and 1870s, the new Klan founded in 1915 was as strong in the Midwest as in the South. Northern branches of the KKK directed their hostility not only against the blacks but also against the Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists. The new Klan used modern advertising techniques to grow to 5 million members by 1925. It drew most of its support from the lower middle class in small cities and towns. .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .postImageUrl , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:hover , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:visited , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:active { border:0!important; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:active , .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54 .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub777a95479f73785dc7f515ddc122f54:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assignment SmartStyles Salon William Steinmeier EssayThe Klan employed various methods for terrorizing and intimidating anyone targeted as un-American. Dressed in white hoods to disguise their identity, Klan members would burn crosses and apply vigilante justice, punishing their victims with whips, tar and feathers, and even the hangmans noose. In its heyday in the early 1920s, the Klan developed strong

An Overview of Third-Wave Feminism

An Overview of Third-Wave Feminism What historians refer to as first-wave feminism arguably began in the late 18th century with the publication of Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), and ended with the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protected a womans right to vote. First-wave feminism was concerned primarily with establishing, as a point of policy, that women are human beings and should not be treated like property. The Second Wave The second wave of feminism emerged in the wake of World War II, during which many women entered the workforce, and would have arguably ended with the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), had it been ratified. The central focus of the second wave was on total gender equality -   women as a group having the same social, political, legal, and economic rights that men have. Rebecca Walker and the Origins of Third-Wave Feminism Rebecca Walker, a 23-year-old, bisexual African-American woman born in Jackson, Mississippi, coined the term third-wave feminism in a 1992 essay. Walker is in many ways a living symbol of the way that second-wave feminism has historically failed to incorporate the voices of many young women, non-heterosexual women, and women of color. Women of Color Both first-wave and second-wave feminism represented movements that existed alongside, and at times in tension with, civil rights movements for people of color - a slight majority of whom happen to be women. But the struggle always seemed to be for the rights of white women, as represented by the womens liberation movement, and black men, as represented by the civil rights movement. Both movements, at times, could have been legitimately accused of relegating women of color to asterisk status. Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Transgender Women For many second-wave feminists, non-heterosexual women were seen as an embarrassment to the movement. The great feminist activist Betty Friedan, for example, coined the term lavender menace in 1969 to refer to what she considered the harmful perception that feminists are lesbians. She later apologized for the remark, but it accurately reflected the insecurities of a movement that was still very heteronormative in many ways. Low-Income Women First- and second-wave feminism also tended to emphasize the rights and opportunities of middle-class women over poor and working-class women. The debate over abortion rights, for example, centers on laws that affect a womans right to choose an abortion - but economic circumstances, which generally play a more significant role in such decisions today, are not necessarily taken into account. If a woman has the legal right to terminate her pregnancy, but chooses to exercise that right because she cant afford to carry a pregnancy to term, is this really a scenario that protects reproductive rights? Women in the Developing World First- and second-wave feminism, as movements, were largely confined to industrialized nations. But third-wave feminism takes a global perspective - not by merely attempting to colonize developing nations with Western practices, but by empowering women to actualize change, to gain power and equality, within their own cultures and their own communities and with their own voices. A Generational Movement Some second-wave feminist activists have questioned the need for a third wave. Others, both inside and outside of the movement, disagree with respect to what the third wave represents. Even the general definition  provided above may not accurately describe the objectives of all third-wave feminists.But its important to realize that third-wave feminism is a generational term - it refers to how the feminist struggle manifests itself in the world today. Just as second-wave feminism represented the diverse and sometimes competing for interests of feminists who struggled together under the banner of womens liberation, third-wave feminism represents a generation that has begun with the achievements of the second wave. We can only hope that the third wave will be so successful as to necessitate the fourth wave - and we can only imagine what that fourth wave might look like.